Water Pollution Cleanup Methods

Water pollution cleanup involves multi-stage treatment processes combining physical separation, chemical disinfection, and biological degradation. Sedimentation and membrane filtration remove solids, while ozonation and coagulation eliminate pathogens and heavy metals. Biological treatments such as activated sludge and biofilm reactors rely on microbial activity to digest organic matter and nutrients. Microbial fuel cells have also been explored to simultaneously treat wastewater and generate electricity, showcasing innovative dual-purpose applications (Logan et al., 2006).