2. Principles of Laser–Tissue Interaction

A crucial aspect of laser–tissue interaction is maintaining safe exposure levels. Dosimetry, the calculation and measurement of the energy absorbed by tissue, is essential in diagnostic applications to avoid unintended thermal or mechanical damage. Safety standards are defined by bodies such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). These standards categorize lasers into safety classes based on power and risk level, guiding their use in clinical and educational settings.

Eye and skin protection, accurate wavelength selection, and exposure time control are fundamental in both clinical practice and student training environments. Emerging AR-based simulation platforms now allow users to safely explore these interactions in virtual space, reinforcing dosimetry principles without physical risk (Akçayır & Akçayır, 2017).