1. Explore - Genetic Diseases: Challenges and Solutions
In this section, students build foundational knowledge about genetic diseases, their causes, and the challenges involved in diagnosing and treating them. This section introduces essential concepts from genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology, preparing learners for later activities such as AR visualization, modeling, and ethical discussions about emerging medical solutions.
1.1 What Are Genetic Diseases?
A genetic disease is a condition caused by changes in DNA, either through mutations in individual genes or abnormalities in chromosomes. Unlike infectious diseases, genetic disorders are not caused by bacteria or viruses; instead, they are inherited from parents or arise spontaneously during cell division or early development. It is estimated that genetic diseases affect approximately 1 in 25 people worldwide.
Key characteristics of genetic diseases include:
- They are caused by changes in the DNA sequence (such as point mutations, insertions, or deletions) or by changes in chromosome number or structure.
- They can be monogenic, involving a single gene, or polygenic, involving multiple genes and environmental factors.
- Their severity varies widely, from mild conditions such as color blindness to life-threatening disorders.
A well-known example is sickle cell anemia, where a single nucleotide change in the HBB gene alters the structure of hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped.