1.3 The Genus Homo: Tools, Fire, and Migration

With the emergence of the genus Homo, human evolution entered a new phase. Species such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus developed more advanced stone tools, increased brain size, and greater cognitive abilities. These innovations allowed early humans to hunt more effectively, control fire, and migrate beyond Africa into new and challenging environments.

Important evolutionary developments include:

  • Growth in brain volume and problem-solving skills
  • Systematic tool production
  • Use of fire for warmth, protection, and cooking
  • Expansion into Europe and Asia