1.4 Neanderthals and Modern Humans

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and early modern humans (Homo sapiens) shared many similarities but also important differences. Neanderthals were well adapted to cold climates, with robust bodies and powerful muscles, while modern humans developed lighter skeletons, more complex social structures, symbolic thinking, and advanced communication.

Comparative studies show:

  • Differences in skull shape and brain organization
  • Distinct tool cultures and survival strategies
  • Evidence of interaction and interbreeding between species